 注释： [1] Fuelling this debate in particular have been developments in Ukraine since U.S. and Western European imperialism in February 2014 secured the overthrow of the elected administration of Viktor Yanukovych. This overturn had been plotted in some detail by U.S. diplomats, and U.S. agencies had spent billions of dollars on preparing it. When opposition to the new ultra-right Kyiv government surfaced as popular revolts in Crimea and the Donbass, and received support from Moscow, the Western media were quick to accuse Russia of “imperialism”. This meme was then taken up and repeated uncritically by important sections of the Western left. [2] V.I. Lenin, Selected Works. Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1970, vol. 1, p. 737. [3] GDP per capita at PPP, World Bank, 2014, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li ... 28PPP%29_per_capita [4] See Lenin’s 1916 essay, The Discussion on Self-Determination Summed Up. In National Liberation, Socialism and Imperialism: Selected Writings by V.I. Lenin. N.Y., International Publishers, 1968, 1970, p. 164. [5] Ibid., p. 147. [6] See Lenin, Selected Works, vol. 1, p. 736: “Capitalism only became capitalist imperialism at a definite and very high stage of its development, when … the features of the epoch of transition from capitalism to a higher social and economic system had taken shape and revealed themselves in all spheres.” [7] http://knoema.com/sijweyg/gdp-pe ... 015-data-and-charts [8] Table 2-4, http://publications.creditsuisse ... E0-CCA04D4BB9B9ADD5 (link broken) [9] Calculated from https://stats.oecd.org/ figures. See https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2 ... tive-workers-a48862 [10] Outstanding exponents of this thesis include Moscow State University political economists Aleksandr Buzgalin and Andrey Kolganov. [11] See Ruslan Dzarasov, The Conundrum of Russian Capitalism (London, Pluto Press, 2014). [12] This expressive phrase is that of Buzgalin and Kolganov. [13] According to the World Bank, gross fixed capital formation in Russia in 2013 was 21.47 per cent of GDP, down from more than 30 per cent at the end of the Soviet period (https://tradingeconomics.com/russia/gross-fixed-capital-formation) [14] Dzarasov, op. cit., pp. 203, 204). [15] https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/ [16] Lenin, Selected Works, vol.1, p. 737. [17] Table 2-4, https://www.credit-suisse.com/me ... h-databook-2015.pdf [18] Lenin, op. cit., p. 701. [19] https://www.kearney.com/financia ... ia-s-banking-market [20] https://www.capitaliq.spglobal.c ... id=A-33361429-13866 [21] See www.forbes.com/companies/sberbank;www.relbanks.com/worlds-top-banks/marketcap;www.forbes.com/companies/itau-unibanco-holding/. [22] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/a ... -said-at-10-billion [23] https://www.denizbank.at/en/AboutUs/ [24] CEE Banking Sector Report June 2015, https://www.raiffeisen.hu/web/en ... tion-year/maximized [25] In a 2014 article, Moscow economic researcher Olga Koshovets had this comment on the fate of Russia’s civilian high-tech industry: “The existing production and technology capacities is [sic] practically exhausted, since it was created in the USSR and after its fall almost no new factories have been built and the existing production facilities haven’t been developed” (http://www.scientific-publicatio ... 409340758352379.pdf [26] Rosstat, 2013. See http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b14_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d04/26-01.htm.(link broken) [27] http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b14_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d04/26-10.htm. (link broken) [28] Russian arms exports, despite their success on world markets, have not altered the structure of Russia’s export trade substantially. In recent years weapons and military equipment, which make up about 60 per cent of Russia’s high-technology exports, have accounted for only about 3% of the country’s exports overall. See Olga B. Koshovets, https://www.scientific-publicati ... 409340758352379.pdf [29] http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b14_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d04/26-13.htm. (link broken) [30] https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.TECH.CD [31] See atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/rus/#imports (fixed link: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/rus) [32] http://www.cbr.ru/eng/statistics ... mp;pid=svs& sid=ITM_586. (fixed link: https://www.cbr.ru/vfs/eng/stati ... nt/65e-dir_inv.xlsx) [33] The Moscow Times in May 2015 cited Russian government data that put the country’s net capital outflow in 2014 at $154.1 billion, and the total since 1999 at about $550 million. The paper goes on to note that according to independent researchers, the actual total may be greater than $1 trillion (https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2 ... ht-continues-a46263). An updated article from 2019: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2 ... in-economist-a67891 [34] IMEiMO and Vale Columbia Center, “Global Expansion of Russian Multinational after the Crisis: Results of 2011”. ccsi.columbia.edu/files/2013/10/Russia_2013.pdf. (fixed link: https://ccsi.columbia.edu/sites/ ... ons/Russia_2013.pdf) [35] https://topforeignstocks.com/201 ... -by-foreign-assets/ [36] Ibid. [37] Ibid. [38] IMEiMO and Vale Columbia Center, “Global Expansion of Russian Multinational after the Crisis: Results of 2011”. ccsi.columbia.edu/files/2013/10/Russia_2013.pdf. (fixed link: https://ccsi.columbia.edu/sites/ ... ons/Russia_2013.pdf) [39] https://www.economist.com/graphi ... snational-companies [40] LUKOIL’s total assets in 2011 were $84 billion. See https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4c0c04df5ac0 [41] https://unctad.org/system/files/ ... diaeia2013d6_en.pdf [42] www.voanews.com/content/sanction ... sales/2709611.html. [43] http://cidpnsi.ca/Canadian-mining-investments-in-latin-america/ [44] http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LO ... ons/2014-49-3.html;cidpnsi.ca/Canadianforeign-direct-investment-abroad/ (links broken) [45] Australian resource firms were recorded in 2014 as operating in more than 1000 projects across 30 African nations, and as having discovered almost $A700 billion (about $US650 billion) worth of minerals across the continent over the previous five years (www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-03/m ... portunities/5716934). [46] An American study notes that of the foreign assets held in 2011 by the 20 largest Russian multinationals, more than 66 per cent were in Europe and in Central Asia, with 28 per cent in former republics of the USSR. See ccsi.columbia.edu/files/2013/10/Russia_2013.pdf. (fixed link: https://ccsi.columbia.edu/sites/ ... ons/Russia_2013.pdf) [47] A 2014 study, citing Russian Central Bank data, states that of total Russian foreign assets in 2012 of $1241.4 billion, only $50.4 billion (4.1%) was held in other CIS states. See http://www.kier.kyoto-u.ac.jp/DP/DP899.pdf. (fixed link: https://www.kier.kyoto-u.ac.jp/w ... s/2021/03/DP899.pdf) These figures do not, however, take account of the “Cyprus” factor. [48] See Rosstat, http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b12_13/Isswww.exe/Stg/d5/24-24.htm. (link broken) [49] A.V. Buzgalin, A.I. Kolganov and O.V. Barashkova, “Rossiya: novaya imperialisticheskaya derzhava?” Unpublished manuscript, 2015. [50] The 2005-2010 Russian purchases of CIS assets recorded by Buzgalin, Kolganov and Barashkova (op. cit.) total less than $12 billion. [51] State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, cited in http://www.e-finanse.com/artykuly_eng/276.pdf. (link broken) [52] See https://lenta.ru/articles/2014/09/04/property. [53] Figures from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1504.pdf). (link broken) [54] In the case of Russia, the multiplier applied to nominal GDP in US dollars to obtain GDP at PPP is about 2.0 (IMF, World Bank). [55] http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article.php?id=526366. (link broken) [56] SIPRI International arms transfers 2014 (books.sipri.org/files/FSSIPRI1503.pdf). Almost 60 per cent of Russian arms sales during these years were to just three countries, India, China and Algeria. (link broken) [57] http://www.themoscowtimes.com/bu ... in2014/513553.html. (fixed link: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2 ... lion-in-2014-a42407) [58] http://www.sipri.org/reseaarch/a ... n-arms-industry/The SIPRI Top 100 2013.pdf (link broken) (similar link: https://sipri.org/publications/2 ... arms-transfers-2014) [59] https://people.defensenews.com/top-100/ [60] http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ ... .html?flavour=full. (fixed link: https://www.kyivpost.com/post/7543) [61] North American bourgeois sociology, that denies or disputes the concept of a working class, obscures the class structure under advanced capitalism by categorising most employed workers as “middle class”. But when huge numbers of American workers live from pay to pay, or depend on welfare support to get by, this categorisation is plainly absurd. [62] Figures prepared for this study by Anna Ochkina of Penza State Pedagogical University, on the basis of Rosstat data and surveys of household budgets. Personal e-mail 16 Aug 2015. [63] Figures prepared by Anna Ochkina from Russian statistical sources. |
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