东亚地区的海上冲突
这项政策目前带来资本的大量出口和贸易关系的爆炸性增长。前者是一个新的具有征服力的中国资本主义的产生的标志之一。北京在该地区各国中创造了双重依赖:一是通过对中国市场对周边国家经济体的重要性,二是通过对许多邻国的投资增长。因此,中国共产党为了直接加强与韩国的关系,而毫不犹豫地绕过朝鲜当局。
苏联的崩溃和两阵营之间冷战阶段的结束使得东亚地区的地缘政治很不稳定,出现多个“热点”——即一些几十年来一直没有得到解决的危机继续发作。在此背景下,北京试图将自己打造成为国际外交领域中一个关键参与者。这显然既出现在朝鲜半岛的局势中,同时中国也在阿富汗存在自己的利益关系。。 这种四处开花的区域政策存在一个非常进取性的军事和领土的组成部分,也可以突显出这一“中华盛世”有多不平等。由于毛泽东主义的崩溃导致意识形态真空而产生大国民族主义。为了迎合这一大国民族主义,为了确保当局统治的合法性,为了获取海洋财富,也为了能保证获得其舰队进出太平洋和东南亚海峡,北京声称拥有的领海主权几乎囊括整个中国南海(这显然不为水域周边的其他国家所承认)。她赋予自己的权利是适用于内海,而不是国际航运通路。通过在其他国家宣称拥有主权的无人居住的群岛、小岛、岩石和珊瑚礁上建立各种军事设施而表明自身的领土主张——鼓励公民在海警的保护下从事渔业,和如5月2日越南海岸不远处建立钻井平台从事石油勘探。 相对越南、马来西亚、文莱、菲律宾、台湾和日本,北京占有的或宣称对西沙群岛、南沙群岛、黄岩岛和钓鱼岛/尖阁群岛拥有全部主权;她将自己的领海扩展到几乎没有什么海域剩下给东南亚的其他国家。西部海域可能与越南发生军事摩擦,而东部可能与日本发生冲突。虽然针对第前者暴力冲撞事件已经时有发生,但针对后者一场“可控的”的冲突升级的风险正在提高,因为2012年9月东京“国有化”了尖阁列岛/钓鱼岛[17]——以致去年11月,中国宣布建立的防空识别区(ADIZ)包括了这个小群岛。
今天没有一个强权大国想要在东亚地区发动战争,但挑衅与反挑衅,开枪走火的危险不能排除。而且我们身处这个星球上最主要的核武区——如韩国危机所展现的——中国、俄罗斯、美国和日本发现自己不得不正面对峙。这一地区正充满仇外民族主义的兴起和海洋军事化(这一地区有世界规模第一大、第三大和第四大的舰队)。美国一直宣布其宏伟的重返亚洲战略和日本右翼想摆脱宪法和平主义条款的约束:尽管大多数人反对,日本国会通过了这项新的对宪法的“解释”,促进其部队参与海外的军事行动...[18]
因为苏联的崩溃和资本主义全球化导致两大阵营的终结,这一结果带来了巨大的不稳定的局,这不仅仅是相互依存(美国依赖中国资本和中国依赖美国市场)。
华盛顿无法作为世界警察独自控制世界,而一些地区的“准帝国主义们”是远远不足以帮助它维持秩序:它需要帝国主义盟友,即使他们只是“次级的”;但欧盟由于其内在无力而无法承担重任,日本还不能做到“独立行走”。目前,北京同时在经济和军事层面上利用这个局势。但是,如果(如果!)中华新帝国主义的架构没有遭遇重大的统治危机,那与之相伴的将是不断上升的地缘政治紧张局势。
脚注[1] The final "S" in BRICS refers to South Africa. [2] Patrick Bond, "Which way forward for the BRICS (Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa) in Africa, a year after the Durban summit? "Pambazuka No. 673: http://pambazuka.org/en/category/fe ... Available on ESSF (item 31676). [3] University of KwaZulu-Natal [4] Patrick Bond, "BRICS (Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa]) and the tendency to sub-imperialism", Pambazuka No. 673: http://pambazuka.org/en/category/fe ... available on ESSF (item 31709). [5] See on this process Pierre Rousset, “From whence did the new Chinese capitalism emerge? “Bourgeoisification” of the bureaucracy and globalization”, ESSF (article 31179): http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spi... [6] See Bruno Jetin, "China: unavoidable rise or possible decline?"in Au Loong Yu, China’s Rise: Strength and Fragility, Merlin Press, Pontypool, 2013. Much of the following data are taken from this chapter. For a historic overview of the rise of Chinese capitalism in the international arena, see in the same book, the chapter by Au Loong Yu, "China Going Global." [7] According to IMF calculations, which use data whose reliability is questionable, such as that concerning exchange rates. [8] For example, in the car industry... http://www.autoactu.com/les-dangers... [9] Denis Cosnard, Le Monde, 19 June 2014. [10] This has been the case for example in the dairy sector since 2010, with capital acquisitions by food giants controlled by the Chinese government such as Bright Food; New Zealand was the first target (the country is the world’s largest exporter of dairy products), followed by offensives in the United States and Europe, and recently in Israel. It is a question at the same time of securing the importation of products, ingredients or technologies in a very sensitive sector, following on the repeated health scandals concerning especially powdered milk for babies. Still in the food industry, a similar movement is underway in the meat sector, notably with WH Group taking control in 2013 of the pork processing enterprise Smithfield, which was the largest acquisition of a U.S. company by a Chinese group. [11] Quite recently, the Chinese Premier visited Athens to negotiate, in particular, the extension of its interests in the port of Piraeus, put up for sale by the Greek government. [12] Isabelle Chaperon, Le Monde, 29-30 June 2014. [13] The big French bank BNP Paribas was sentenced to a record fine of nearly $9 billion (among other sanctions) for having traded in U.S. currency with countries subject to American embargo, even though such operations were conducted in Switzerland. It is surprising that the bank, warned of the risks it was running, persisted; but the bottom line is that any transaction must be recorded in dollars in a bank in the United States, which provides an opportunity for the American judicial system to intervene. Furthermore, it is the New York branch of BNP Paribas which will monitor all flows in dollars; it must also create a "Financial Security" department - still in New York - to ensure that operations worldwide respect American regulations: the largest French bank thus finds itself subjected closely to U.S. authorities. [14] http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2013/... [15] http://books.sipri.org/product_info... The two biggest exporters are obviously the United States (29 per cent) and Russia (27 per cent). [16] It is not possible within the scope of this article to revisit the complex history of the Asian policy of Beijing in the Maoist era. [17] Pierre Rousset, “Asie du Nord-Est: bruits de bottes pour une poignée d’îlots inhabités”, ESSF article 26587 [18] This article focuses on the rise of Chinese power. An article about the geopolitical situation o |
E_mail: [email protected]
2010-2011http://redchinacn.net