[64] 2003年二手衣服占了撒哈拉以南非洲国家进口价值总量的26.8%。参见Sally Baden and Catherine Barber, “The Impact of the Second Hand Clothing Trade on Developing Countries,” Oxfam Briefing Paper (2005):5, http://www.maketradefair.com/en/assets/english/shc_0905.pdf. [65]参见“Social Forum Best Placed to Question World Order,” East African Standard (肯尼亚) (下文简称EAS), January 22, 2007; Gloria Otieno, Trade Liberalization and Poverty in Kenya: A Case Study of the Cotton Textiles Subsector (Nairobi: Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, 2006). [66]参见Raphael Kaplinsky and Mike Morris, “Dangling by a Thread: How Sharp are the Chinese Scissors?” (Brighton: IDS 2006):vi, http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/AsianDriverpdfs/ RKDanglingbyathread.pdf. [67]参见Duane Newman, “Duane’s World,” BD, December 4, 2006; Mills Soko, “SA Can Cut Lessons from Chinese Cloth,” BD, Oct. 19, 2006. [68]参见“Lesotho Shows Textile Woes are About More than China,” BD, July 1, 2006. 中国纺织品出口的约三分之一是由“外商”企业生产的，主要是香港或台湾的企业。 参见“E-TV Interview with Charge d’Affaire Mr. Zhou Yuxiao,” PRC Embassy, South Africa, April 13, 2006, www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zwjg/zwbd/t246214.htm; Mills Soko, “The Lessons of China’s Rag Trade Revolution,” Cape Argus (南非报纸), Feb. 1, 2007. [69]参见“Poorer Nations Feel China’s Weight,” International Herald Tribune (下文简称IHT), Apr. 3, 2007:14. [70]参见Gumisai Mutume, “Loss of Textile Market Costs African Jobs,” Africa Renewal 20(1) (2006):18-22; Kaplinsky and Morris, “The Impact . . .” 2006:34. [71]参见John Miller, “Nike to the Rescue? Africa Needs Better Jobs, Not Sweatshops,” Dollars & Sense, Oct. 21,2006. [72]参见“Textiles No Longer Hanging by a Thread,” IRIN, July 3, 2006; Stephanie Hanes, “Hey, Nice Clothes, But are They Ethical,” Christian Science Monitor, Oct. 13, 2006:1; “Textile Producers Get a Boost from Trade Bill . . ,” allAfrica.com, Dec. 12, 2006. [73]参见Ralaivelo Maminirinarivo, “The Textile and Clothing Industry of Madagascar,” in Jauch and Traub-Merz, The Future . . . 2006:178-192; “A Nice Dairy Tale,” Economist, Dec. 9, 2006; “International Textile Markets Rushing on for Eco-Friendly Fabrics,” World Trade Review, Apr. 1-15, 2007; 参见“Madagascar: Outlook for 2007-08: Economic Growth,” Economist Intelligence Unit, Mar. 7, 2007；“Community of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Deputy Secretary General Stephen Karangizi Testifies Before House Ways and Means Sub-Committee,” Fair Disclosure (FD) Wire, Nov. 17, 2009; “Business Presses Administration for Quick Madagascar AGOA Business Decision, “ Inside US Trade, Oct. 30, 2009. [74]参见“Moroccan Textiles Manufacturers . . .” Reuters (TV), Mar. 28, 2007, http:rtv.rtvlondon.co.uk/2007-03-28/30fb69ca.html. [75]参见Traub-Merz, “The African Textile . . .,” 2006:17, 25. 南非工会估计丧失了60000—70000个就业岗位，然而开普敦大学经济学院发现丧失的就业岗位是以上数字的三分之一；其他就业岗位被非正式化了。参见Dave Marrs, “Chinese Textile Quotas a Case of Too Little, Too Late,” BD, Nov. 13, 2006. [76]参见Kaplinsky, “The Impact . . .,” 2006:13。非洲对美出口的成衣所使用的织料85%来自亚洲，其中主要来自中国。参见“AGOA Forum 2006: Stakeholders Seek Ways to Broaden AGOA Opportunities,” http://agoa.info/?view=.&story=news&subtext=687. [77]参见“Lesotho Shows . . .,” 2006. 也可参见 Kaplinsky, “The Impact . . .,” 2006:13, 26. [78]参见Lumengo Bonga-Bonga, “China Can Help Revive the African Textile Industry,” Univers Foreign Affairs, December 7, 2006, www.tilburguniversity.nl/unive ... fairs/0607/12/bonga.html. Interview with Prof. Bonga-Bonga; Johannesburg, Aug. 1, 2007. [79]参见“Quotas on Chinese Textile-Clothing Imports Start,” China Monitor (南非出版物) No. 14 (Jan. 2007):16。这些配额从2007年3月开始废除，因为一些纺织品和服装制造商不能从中国得到织料，从而引起就业岗位的丧失，而这正是配额所要防止的。参见Mathabo Le Roux, “Minister Rows Back on Chinese Imports,” BD, Mar. 29, 2007:1。南非的工业把这些配额看作一种胜利。参见“High Hopes as New Talks Start in Clothing Industry,” Business Times, May 13, 2007。参见Ethel Hazelhurst, “Imports from China Fall,but Products Take Detour to SA,” Star , Sept. 3, 2007；Don Ross, “Let Quotas on Clothing and Textile Imports Die,” The Star (Johannesburg), May 28, 2008。 [80]参见“China to Make More Efforts to Help Africa Develop Textile Industry,” XH, Oct. 18, 2006; “E-TV Interview . . . 2006. [81]参见United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Asian Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Towards a New Era of Cooperation (New York: United Nations, 2007):12, 19, 51, 56-57. [82]参见“China Plays Increasing Role in Continent’s Development,” IPS, May 17, 2007； Chen Deming, “Cooperation Benefits All People,” Business Daily Update, Nov. 9, 2009; “China-Africa Cooperation Builds on Africa’s Capacity: Chinese Premier,” XH, Nov. 8, 2009. [83]参见UNDP, Asian Foreign . . . 2007:55-56. [84]参见Brautigam and Gaye, “Is Chinese Investment . . ..,” 2007. [85]参见“Africa to be More Attractive for Chinese Investors,” XH, Feb. 3, 2007. [86]参见Trofimov, “In Africa . . .,” 2007; Olin Freeman, “Africa Discovers Dark Side of its New Colonial Master,” Sunday Telegraph, Feb. 4, 2007; Robyn Dixon, “Africans Lash Out at Chinese Employers,” LAT, Oct. 6, 2006; Roy Carroll, “China’s Goldmine,” Guardian, Mar.28, 2006. [87]参见Alastair Fraser and John Lungu, For Whom the Windfalls: Winners and Losers in the Privatisation of Zambia’s Copper Mines (Lusaka: Civil Society Trade Network of Zambia and Catholic Centre for Justice, Peace and Development, 2007). [88]参见Christian Aid, A Rich Seam: Who Benefits from Rising Commodity Prices (London: CA, 2007):21. [89]参见Dixon, “Africans Lash . . . ,” 2006. NFCA声称要在未来的支出计划中推动有关矿工的“企业社会责任计划”，关于这一点，请参见“Zambian Councilor Praises Chinese Investment,” XH, July 14, 2007; “Chambishi Mines Launches Social Responsibility Plan,” Times of Zambia (下文简称TOZ), July 10, 2007；约翰•隆古（John Lungu）教授访谈, Copperbelt University（铜带省大学）, July 14, 2008。 [90]参见John Craig, “Putting Privatization into Practice: the Case of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited,” Journal of Modern African Studies 30:3 (2001):389-410; Christian Aid, A Rich Seam . . . 2007:21. [91]参见Fraser and Lungu, For Whom . . . , 2007:48. [92]参见Charlotte Mathews, “Metorex Ramps Up its Copper Exposure,” BD, Feb. 5, 2007; “Zambia: Conflict Looms Over Revision of Mineral Tax,” IPS, Nov. 15, 2005. [93]参见“State Gets $71 Million Tax from Mines,” TOZ, Feb. 22, 2007. [94]参见Christian Aid, A Rich Seam . . ., 2007:22. 2007年夏天孔科拉铜矿（Konkola）和坎桑希铜矿（Kansanshi）发生了罢工，导致随后罢工组织者被枪杀。参见“FQMO Fires Four Kansanshi Miners,” TOZ, July 27, 2007; Andy Blamey, “Lost Output from Strikes around 39,000 mt: Barclays,” Metals Week, August 6, 2007. [95]参见Christian Aid, A Rich Seam . . .: 24. [96]西方媒体经常引用一个政客谈论这个等级论。盖伊•史考特（Guy Scott）是一个白人农场主，前农业部长，反对派爱国阵线（Patriotic Front）的总书记，他说：“我们一直都碰到坏人。白人是坏人，印度人更坏，但是中国人最坏”。参见Chris McGreal, “Chinese Influx Revives Colonial Fears,” Guardian, Feb. 9, 2007. [97]参见“Zambia Opposition Chief Files Complaint Over Amin Comparison,” AFP, Sept. 17, 2006. [98]参见Amos Malupeng and Brighton Phiri, “Sata Visits Taiwan,” The Post (赞比亚报纸), Feb. 6, 2007. [99]参见Ni Yangshuo. 2006. “Servir d’intermediaire pour Faciliter les Rapports entre la Chine et le Nigeria” (To serve as an intermediary to facilitate rapport between China and Africa), Chinafrique. No. 10,www.chinafrique.com/zf-2005/2006-10/2006.10-hz-1.htm； “’The China Man is the Rider, the African is the Horse’: Sata,” TOZ, Dec. 18, 2009; “The Might of China,” TOZ, Dec. 21, 2009。 [100]参见UNDP, Asian Foreign . . . 2007:59-60; Craig Timberg, “From Competitors to Trade Partners,” WP, Dec. 3, 2006. [101]西方人常常预设因为中国国有建筑公司有中国政府的补贴，所以它们在非洲能承受较低的利润率。但是实际情况是建筑公司在中国国内建筑市场获得的利润率就很低，平均只有2-3%。参见“High Debt Rate, Price War Haunt China’s Construction Industry,” XH, Mar. 21, 2007。至于在中国政府资助的非洲工程中，中国企业是否有优势获得合同，这一点还有待证实。 [102]参见World Bank, Global Development Finance (Washington: WB, 2003):95. [103]参见Ernest Harsch, “Foreign Investment on Africa’s Agenda,” Africa Recovery 17:2 (July, 2003):12-16; “Encouraging Businesswomen in Africa,” 2002, www.cipe.org/publications/overseas0002/features/ encouraging.html (1997年美国所属的公司在非洲的利润率是25%，而在世界范围内是12%)。 [104]参见UNDP, Asian Foreign . . . , 2007:57-59。中国也在其它非洲国家建筑大型冶炼厂，例如赞比亚和埃及。参见“How China is Cementing Resources Globally,” Asia Pulse, Aug. 20, 2007; “CITIC to Construct Smelter in Egypt,”IHT, September 12, 2006. [105]参见“China Cobalt Firms Mull Congo Plants After Export Ban,” Reuters, May 9, 2007. [106]参见Shashank Bengali, “An African Building Boom Made in China,” Star Tribune (美国明尼阿波利斯报纸), Sept. 18, 2006:13A；Africa Business Initiative, US Chamber of Commerce, “Inside the Boardroom: How Corporate America Really Views Africa,” 2009, http://www.usafricainvestment.com/pdf_files/14930_Inside-2.pdf。 [107]参见James K. Jackson, “US Direct Investment Abroad: Trends and Current Issues,” Congressional Research Service, 2006:3 [108]参见US Department of Commerce, “US-African . . . ,”2006:13。关于西方石油企业在非洲投资的统计数据，请参见贺文萍， “中非关系发展触动了谁的神经”, 《世界知识》，No. 19 (2006): 30-32. [109]参见“Good Man in Africa,” China Daily, May 11, 2007. [110]参见Kevin Kerr, “Into Africa: Commentary: China’s Tentacles Reach Throughout the Continent,” MarketWatch, Jan. 9, 2007，www.marketwath.com/news/story/ ... F38F-31C4-45A7-8048-168C; Will Hutton, “Does the Future Really Belong to China?” Prospect (Jan. 2007), www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=8174. [111]参见William Hartung and Frida Berrigan, “Militarization of U.S. Africa Policy, 2000-2005,” World Policy Institute Arms Trade Center, http://worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/AfricaMarch2005.html；Daniel Volman, “Obama Moves Ahead with Africom, The Zeleza Post, Dec. 13, 2009, http://www.zeleza.com/ blogging/u-s-affairs/obama-moves-ahead-africom-daniel-volman。 根据2007年斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所武器转让数据库（http://armstrade.sipri.org/），从1997年到2006年美国向12个非洲国家出售武器的总销量为64.15亿美元，而同时期中国向13个非洲国家出售武器的总销量为5.64亿美元。 [112]参见“African States Urged to Maintain Stability,” EAS, May 6, 2004; Nick Mathiason, “Western Bankers and Lawyers ‘Rob Africa of $150bn Every Year,’” Independent, Jan. 21, 2007, p.1; Africa All Party Parliamentary Group, The Other Side of the Coin: the UK and Corruption in Africa (London: AAPPG, 2006):20; “$11.5 Trillion Siphoned Offshore,” Public Agenda (加纳报纸), Mar 10, 2006, www.ghanaweb.com/public_agenda/article.php?ID=4951. [113]关于非洲人才外流到发达国家和非洲专家在中国接受培训的比较，请参见Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, “Friends and Interests: China’s Distinctive Links with Africa,” African Studies Review 50:3 (Dec. 2007). [114]比如有人认为中国支配着苏丹和津巴布韦，保护这些国家的政权，使西方不能推动“民主和人权”。参见Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, East Mountain Tiger, West Mountain Tiger: China, the West and ‘Colonialism’ in Africa (Baltimore: University of Maryland Series on Contemporary Asian Studies, no. 182, 2007); Schoeman 2007. [115]一个美国官员曾说：“说美国政府和私人领域 对‘中国在非洲’的话题着迷，这还是保守的说法。”参见Claudia Anyaso, “Remarks at the China in Africa Today Seminar,” US Department of State, March 6, 2007, www.state.gov/p/af/rls/rm/81652.htm.美国众议院非洲小组委员会副主席曾说：“中国对非洲的投资日益增多，这是个令人忧虑的事。我们必须关注这个问题，以防中国在非洲完全站稳脚跟。”参见Kathy Legget, “China’s Expansion into Africa Poses New Challenges for the US,” WSJ, March 30, 2005:1。 美国关于“中国在非洲”的讨论把中国当作一个非西方国家对美国霸权的挑战。参见Steven Weber, “A World with the West,” National Interest (July-Aug. 2007)。在一个对7500个美国人进行的民意测验中，一半的应答者认为中国对非洲的影响是对美国国家利益的“巨大威胁”或“威胁”。参见“UPI/ZogbyPoll: China’s Influence in Africa,” UPI, July 27, 2007. [116]援助政策的问题超出了本文的范围。然而，据经济学人智库（Economist Intelligence Unit）估计，中国作为一个发展中国家，在2000年到2006年期间，为非洲提供了55亿美元的援助。 参见Africapractice, The Impact of the Chinese Presence in Africa (London: Africapractice 2007):8。中国外援的44%是给非洲的；而美国用于撒哈拉以南非洲国家的援助要少于其援助预算的1%。参见“Comoran President Praises China-Africa Cooperation as Model,” XH, Oct. 23, 2006; Torcuil Crichton, “When it Comes to Africa, Bush has More on his Mind than Aid,” Sunday Herald (苏格兰报纸), June 12, 2005. 直至马英九在台湾上台以前，两岸在非洲存在“政治承认”的竞争。2008年时，只有四个非洲国家和台湾有外交关系。此后，两岸暂停了在非洲的竞争。参见 “Minister Francisco H.L. Ou from the Taiwan Foreign Ministry Gives a Talk at National Cheng Kung University,” Research Express 8:10 (May 22, 2009), http://research.ncku.edu.tw/re/news/e/20090522/1.pdf. [117]参见“China Means Well in Africa – Ngatjizeko,” The Namibian, Apr. 3, 2007; “A Scramble for the Continent that We May Not Gain From,” EAS, Mar. 27, 2007. [118]参见Emma Mawdsley, “China and Africa: Emerging Challenges to the Geographies of Power,” Geography Compass 1 (2007):1-17; Paul Moorcraft,“Why Beijing is Winning in Africa.” BD, Feb. 2, 2007. [119]参见Global Unease with Major World Powers (Washington: Pew Research Center, 2007):45. Pew Global Attitudes Project, “Opinion of China,” 2009, http://pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=24 [120]参见David Pilling, “Africa Builds as Beijing Scrambles to Invest,” FT, Dec. 10, 2009. 请您支持独立网站发展，转载请注明文章链接：
|
signal: 其实，先不要把问题上升到什么主义。近年来中国人走进非洲大陆，按照中国特色开拓那里造成诸多问题是掩盖不了的。乱象造成的困境必须面对，检讨，否则，失去非洲 ...
E_mail: [email protected]
2010-2011http://redchinacn.net
