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土耳其的政变历史

2016-7-16 23:41| 发布者: 燧鸣| 查看: 1124| 评论: 2|原作者: OverNothing 、伊尔凡Irvin同志|来自: 女神读书会

摘要: 长久以来军队把自己视作“土耳其民主的卫士”,其中土耳其民主是指现代土耳其共和国的缔造者穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克所创建的坚定的世俗化政权。军队曾三次直接干预土耳其政治,并在1997年进行了一些学者描述的“后现代主义政变”。
History of coups in Turkey
土耳其的政变历史


编译按:当地时间15日晚,土耳其武装部队总参谋部“部分军官企图发动军事政变”。据最新报道,政变已致至少194人丧生,包括41名警察,49名平民,104人政变参与者。女神读书会今日速译出这篇《土耳其的政变历史》供大家参阅。

译者:OverNothing  ;校对:伊尔凡Irvin同志。

另:昨日读书会推介的《译见|公社:不断变化的自由 光州起义(上、下)》,译者:OverNothing;校对:伊尔凡Irvin同志。
 
1960 May 27 First Coup in the Turkish Republic. President, prime minister and others arrested and tried for treason and other offences.
1960年5月27日,土耳其共和国的第一次政变。总统,总理还有其他官员被捕,并被试图以叛国罪和其他罪行指控。
 
1971 March 12 Economic downturn leads to widespread unrest. The military intervenes once again,in an effort to "restore order other offences.
1971年3月12日,经济衰退导致大规模骚乱。为了“恢复秩序”并打击其他罪行,军队再一次进行干预。
 
1980 September 12 Clashes between left- and right-wing groups lead to another army coup.
Hundreds of thousands of people arrested in following years, dozens executed.
1980年9月12日,左右翼团体之间的冲突导致了另一次军队政变。成千上万的人在随后的几年中被捕,数十人被处决。
  
1997 February 28 Military offers series of "recommendations" after rise of Welfare party.
Government has no choice but to accept, prime minister forced to resign.
1997年2月28日在福利党的崛起之后,军队提供了一系列的“建议”给政府。政府别无选择,只能接受,总理被迫辞职。
 
Kenan Evren, the former Turkish president now facing charges in an Ankara court, is only the most recent in a long line of military officers to seize power in a coup.
正在安卡拉的一间法院面临指控的土耳其前总统凯南·埃夫伦(注:已于2015年5月9日逝世)是一长串在政变中夺取政权的军队官员里距今最近的一位。
 
The military has long seen itself as the "guardian of Turkish democracy," which it defines as the staunchly
secular state created by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of the modern Turkish republic. It has directly intervened three times in Turkish politics, and in 1997 it carried out what some scholars describe as a "postmodern coup."
长久以来军队把自己视作“土耳其民主的卫士”,其中土耳其民主是指现代土耳其共和国的缔造者穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克所创建的坚定的世俗化政权。军队曾三次直接干预土耳其政治,并在1997年进行了一些学者描述的“后现代主义政变”。
 
1960 The first coup in the Turkish republic took place in 1960, during a time of heightened tensions 
between the Turkish government and the opposition.
 
1960 土耳其共和国的第一次政变发生在1960年,那时土耳其政府和反对派之间正处于高度紧张的状态。
 
The ruling Democratic Party, headed by prime minister Adnan Menderes and president Celal Bayar, began to loosen some of the toughest Ataturk-era rules dealing with religion: it allowed thousands of mosques to reopen, legalised the call to prayer in Arabic (instead of Turkish), and opened new schools for religious personnel, among others. It also shortened the period of mandatory military service.
执政的民主党是由总理阿德南·曼德列斯和总统杰拉勒·拜亚尔领导的。民主党开始放开一些阿塔图尔克时代对于宗教最严厉的管制:政府允许数千座清真寺重新开放,将使用阿拉伯语(而不是土耳其语)礼拜合法化,为宗教教职人员建立新的学校,还有其他一些政策。他们还缩短了义务兵役的服役年限。
 
At the same time, it further alienated the opposition by imposing restrictive new press laws and occasionally barring critical newspapers from publishing.
与此同时,民主党通过实施严格的新的新闻法并偶尔禁止批判性的报纸出版以进一步孤立了反对派。
 
Growing tensions caused the Menderes government to impose martial law in early 1960. The army stepped in and toppled the government on May 27; the president, prime minister and several cabinet members were arrested and quickly tried for treason and other offences.Menderes was executed.
愈发紧张的局势导致曼德列斯政府在1960年年初实施戒严。在5月27日,军队介入并推翻了政府;总统,总理还有一些内阁成员被逮捕并很快被试图以叛国罪和其他罪行指控。曼德列斯被处极刑。
 
General Cemal Gursel assumed power - as both president and prime minister - beginning a period of military-dominated politics that would last until 1965.
陆军司令杰马勒·古尔塞勒上台并同时兼任总统和总理。他开始了一段将持续到1965年的军队主导的政治。
 
1971 The Turkish economy stagnated in the late 1960s, and the recession caused widespread unrest: workers' groups staged demonstrations, sometimes violent, and right-wing groups carried out attacks of their own. The currency was devalued in 1960; annual inflation reached nearly 80 per cent.
1971 土耳其经济在20世纪60年代末期停滞不前,而且经济衰退引起了大规模的骚乱:工人团体举行示威,有时候甚至使用暴力,还有右翼团体进行了攻击。1960年货币经历了贬值;年通胀率达到了将近80%。
 
 So in March the military intervened once again, an effort to "restore order," it said. Memduh Tagmac, the
chief of the general staff, gave a memorandum to the prime minister, Suleyman Demirel. It accused his government of driving the country into anarchy, and demanded the formation of a "strong and credible government.... inspired by Ataturk's views."
所以在三月,为了他们所说的“恢复秩序”,军队再次进行干预。总参谋长马姆杜·塔马奇向总理苏莱曼·德米雷提交了一份备忘录。备忘录指控他的政府将国家引向无政府状态,并要求建立“遵循凯末尔的原则的一个强大并可信赖的政权”。
 
Demirel resigned hours later, after meeting with his cabinet.
在与他的内阁的会议结束后几个小时,德米雷辞职了。
 
The military did not rule directly during this period. It first asked Nihat Erim, a member of the right-wing Republican People's Party, to form a caretaker government; it was the first of several which governed Turkey until 1973, whe n Fahri Koruturk (a retired naval officer) was installed as president by the parliament.
在这段期间内军队并没有直接管理国家。军队首先让右翼的共和人民党成员尼哈特·埃里姆去组建一个看守政府;这个政府是管理土耳其的若干看守政府中的第一个,直到1973年法赫里·科鲁蒂尔克(一名退休的海军军官)被议会选举为总统,看守政府才成为历史。
 
1980 Instability continued even after the 1971 coup: Turkey changed prime ministers 11 times in the 1970s, the economy continued to stagnate, and left and right-wing groups continued their violent clashes in the streets. Thousands of people were assassinated.
在1971年政变之后社会动荡仍然在持续:土耳其在20世纪70年代更换了11次总理,经济继续停滞不前,还有左右翼团体街头暴力冲突仍在发生。此外,还有上千人被暗杀。
 
The military began discussing a possible coup in late 1979, and in March 1980 a group of generals recommended that they move forward. It was delayed several times, and finally launched in September, when officers announced on state television that they were imposing martial law and dissolving the government.
1979年年末军队开始讨论政变的可能性,并在1980年三月,一群将军建议他们行动。政变被耽搁了几次,最终在九月爆发,军官们在国家电视台宣布他们在实施戒严并解散政府。
 
Evren became president, and a naval officer, Bulent Ulusu, assumed the post of prime minister.
埃夫伦成为了总统,比连德·乌卢苏,一位海军军官担任总理一职。
 
These years of military rule did bring some stability to Turkey. Ulusu was succeeded in 1983 by Turgut Ozal, who is now widely credited with stabilising the Turkish economy by privatising many state-owned industries. Inflation dropped and employment grew.
这些年的军队统治确实给土耳其带来了稳定。1983年图尔古特·厄扎尔接替乌卢苏担任总理,厄扎尔通过私有化国有企业来稳定土耳其经济,因此现在被广泛赞许。
 
The military also arrested hundreds of thousands of people; dozens were executed, while many others were tortured or simply disappeared.
军队还逮捕了成千上万的人;数十人被处决,还有很多人遭受了酷刑或者干脆消失了。
 
A new constitution was drafted and put before a public referendum in 1982; it was overwhelmingly approved.
军队草拟了一部新宪法并在1982年公众投票之前公布;新宪法被高票通过。
 
1997 The 1995 election led to overwhelming gains for the Islamist Welfare party, which took power the following year as the head of a coalition government.
1997 伊斯兰主义的福利党在1995年的选举中赢得了绝对多数的席位,并在次年作为联合政府的首脑执政。
 
In 1997 the military issued a series of "recommendations", which the government had no choice but to accept.
The prime minister, Necmettin Erbakan, agreed to a compulsory eight-year education programme (to prevent pupis from enrolling in religious schools), a headscarf ban at universities, and other measures. Erbakan was then forced to resign.

1997年军队出台了一系列的“建议”。政府别无选择,只能接受。总理内吉梅丁·埃尔巴坎同意八年制义务教育(这是为了防止小学生去宗教学校上学),在大学中实施头巾禁令,还有其他一些举措。之后埃尔巴坎被迫辞职。
 
The Welfare party was shut down in 1998, and Erbakan was banned from politics for five years.
1998年福利党被解散,埃尔巴坎被禁止从政五年。
 
Some former members of the party, including current prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, would eventually go on to found the Justice and Development Party.
福利党的一些前成员最终成立了正义与发展党统,此人采用普京式连任,总统总理自己轮流当)。

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引用 长沙666 2016-7-19 23:20
拜读了,谢谢!
引用 燧鸣 2016-7-16 23:53
责编:燧鸣

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