二十一世纪的帝国主义

2016-2-5 22:15| 发布者: 燧鸣| 查看: 3372| 评论: 2|原作者: John Smith|来自: 《每月评论》

摘要: 全球工资差距，大多肇因于压抑工人的自由移动，反映出了剥削率的全球差异所致的扭曲（简言之，即工人所产出的价值和其所得的工资之差异）。故而我们应体认到新自由主义全球化为资本主义发展的新的帝国主义阶段，即北方资本家对南方活劳动（living labor）的剥削。

Notes

1. 因本文之目的，「超级剥削」一词系指高于全球平均值的剥削率。本文申言，超级剥削，在低工资国家普遍存在。

2. UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2013 (Switzerland: United Nations, 2013), http://unctad.org/en.

3. The trace for Europe, generated by subtracting intra-EU manufactured imports from the EU total, begins in 1995 because data is only continuous since the EU enlargement of that year.

4. Data from the OECD’s “Trade in Value Added” database, http://stats.oecd.org, which reports the value of exports net of imported inputs.

5. Ari Van Assche, Chang Hong, and Veerle Slootmaekers, “China’s International Competitiveness: Reassessing the Evidence,” LICOS Discussion Paper Series, Discussion Paper 205/2008, 15, http://feb.kuleuven.be; “The Great Unbundling,” Economist, January 18, 2007, http://economist.com.

6. For proof of this, see Ricardo Hausmann, César Hidalgo, et al., The Atlas of Economic Complexity, 2011, http://atlas.media.mit.edu.

7. Michael Clemens, Claudio Montenegro, and Lant Pritchett, The Place Premium: Wage Differences for Identical Workers across the US Border, Policy Research Working Paper 4671 (New York: World Bank, 2008), 33, http://siteresources.worldbank.org.

8. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, April 2007 (Washington, DC: IMF, 2007), http://imf.org.

9. Stephen Roach, “More Jobs, Worse Work,” New York Times, July 22, 2004, http://nytimes.com.

10. Stephen Roach, Outsourcing, Protectionism, and the Global Labor Arbitrage, Morgan Stanley Special Economic Study, 2003, http://neogroup.com, 6.

11. Ibid, my emphasis.

12. John Smith, “The GDP Illusion,” Monthly Review 64, no. 3 (2012): 86–102.

13. John Weeks and Elizabeth Dore, “International Exchange and the Causes of Backwardness,” Latin American Perspectives 6, no. 2 (1979): 71.

14. Charles Bettelheim, “Some Theoretical Comments,” 附录于Arghiri Emmanuel, Unequal Exchange: A Study in the Imperialism of Trade (London: NLB, 1972), 302.

15. Nigel Harris, “Theories of Unequal Exchange,” International Socialism 2, no. 33 (1986): 119–20.

16. Gary Howe, “Dependency Theory, Imperialism, and the Production of Surplus Value on a World Scale,” Latin American Perspectives 8, nos. 3/4 (1981): 88.

17. Alex Callinicos, Imperialism and Global Political Economy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009) 179–80; Joseph Choonara, Unravelling Capitalism (London: Bookmarks Publications, 2009), 34.

18. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1975), vol. 6, 303

19. V.I. Lenin, “The Revolutionary Proletariat and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination,” in Collected Works, vol. 21 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964; originally 1915), 407.

20. V.I. Lenin, “Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism,” in Collected Works, vol. 22 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964; originally 1916), 266.

21. Ibid, 77.

22. 资本输出有三种型式：外人直接投资、间接投资（以股份和金融债券形式出现，不同于外人直接投资，间接投资无法使投资者大权在握）、借货资本。

23. Andy Higginbottom, “The System of Accumulation in South Africa: Theories of Imperialism and Capital,” Économies et Sociétés 45, no. 2 (2011): 268.

24. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, 702.

25. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 3 (London: Penguin, 1991; originally 1894), 241–42.

26. Ibid.

27. 剩余价值第三种形式的重新发现为一重大突破，系由Andy Higginbottom所提出，“The Third Form of Surplus Value Increase,” paper at the Historical Materialism conference, London, November 27–29, 2009.

28. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, 430–31.

29. Ibid, 557.

30. Marx, Capital, vol. 3, 342; 我强调。

31. Ibid, 242.

32. Higginbottom, “”The System of Accumulation in South Africa,” 284.

33. Karl Marx, Grundrisse (London: Penguin, 1973), 651. 感谢Walter Daum指出这篇相关的文献。

34. Lenin, “Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism,” 265.

作者John Smith于伦敦Kingston大学讲授国际政治经济学。本文首次刊载于Monthly Review 67, no. 3 (2015)，文章内容节录自Smith 即将于2016年由《每月评论出版》（Monthly Review Press）发行的新书《二十一世纪的帝国主义：全球化、超级剥削和资本主义的最后危机》（Imperialism in the Twenty-First Century: Globalization, Super-Exploitation, and Capitalism's Final Crisis）。